On trachea, normal respiratory sound is characterized by a broader spectrum of noise (for example containing higher-frequency components), audible both during inspiratory and expiratory phase.Ĭrackles: these adventitious explosive and discontinuous sounds appear generally during inspiratory phase. Normal breath sound: on the chest wall, respiratory sound is characterised by a low noise during inspiration, and hardly audible during expiration. Lung sound: it concerns all respiratory sounds heard or detected over the chest wall or within the chest including breath sounds and adventitious sounds detected at this location. Acoustically, this sound is characterized by broad-spectrum noise with a frequency range depending on the pick-up location. Their generation is related to airflow in the respiratory tract. The presence of such sounds usually indicates pulmonary disorders.īreath sound: it includes normal and adventitious sounds recorded over the chest wall, the trachea or at the mouth. Some of them (like squawks) have both characteristics. It can be continuous (like wheezes) or discontinuous (such as crackles). In addition, this type of system has the great advantage to keep the non-invasive and less expensive characteristics of auscultation.įinally, Sestini and coll.’s studies indicate that an association between acoustical signal and its image is beneficial to the learning and understanding for students in medical science.Īdventitious sound: it relates to additional respiratory sounds superimposed on normal breath sounds. It could also be a useful solution for less-developed countries and remote communities. Sensors devices will allow long duration monitoring for patient at home or at hospital. Moreover, applications, including diagnosis establishment, monitoring and data exchange through Internet are obviously complementary tools to objective and automatic auscultation sounds analysis. Whilst conventional stethoscope auscultation is subjective and hardly sharable, these systems should provide an objective and early diagnostic help, with a better sensitivity and reproducibility of the results. Besides, an objective analysis allows to develop classification systems that make it possible to precisely qualify normal and adventitious respiratory sounds. The recording and analysis of respiratory sounds allow to improve this understanding and an objective relationship between abnormal respiratory sounds with respiratory pathology. On the contrary, the understanding of mechanisms linked to the creation of breath sounds is, for the moment, imperfect. It can be inferred from these studies that the validation of automatic crackles detection algorithms should not take auscultation as unique reference.
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